Antimatter

Discuss everything anti-matter here! I am new to this topic, so I’m just going to be the catalyst to get this conversation started and I will probably ask questions as people kindly discuss.

According to CERN, every particle has a “corresponding antiparticle” with an opposite charge. They state that every electron should have a corresponding “antielectron” as well. (I am not sure why they are using the word ‘should’ unless they are unsure). This is basically where matter an antimatter come from. The article in the link below suggests there could be entire galaxies made of antimatter. Again, ‘could’, so this appears to be a theory. They also question why there appears to be more antimatter in the universe.

Do you believe there is more antimatter? Why? Let’s discuss.

http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/antimatter

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Any takers?

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It’s actually Paul Dirac in 1928 who stated that every particle has an antimatter equivalent. The Dirac Equation is the basis for the Standard Model of particle physics.

We don’t know for sure why matter in the observable universe dominates antimatter. The best theory involves the weak force interaction and CP symmetry violation at the time of the Big Bang. The weak force determines the color and flavor of quarks/anti-quarks in QCD Theory.

It appears that in the early universe during the Big Bang matter and antimatter should have been created in equal parts but at the time the laws of physics slightly favored matter creation over antimatter creation. After all the annihilation events had occurred we were left with a tiny trace of pollution…what we call matter. Almost all matter/antimatter would have been converted to energy. When we look at the sky that’s what we see. It’s a huge vacuum with a bit of matter here and there forming star clusters and a lot of “cold” photons (cosmic background radiation - the echo of the Big Bang).

Are there other regions of the universe that are antimatter? It’s possible but not likely. We don’t have a complete theory to describe how matter dominated antimatter so it leaves the question open. But there should be some evidence in the sky and we don’t see it. If a matter and antimatter galaxy were in the same vicinity we should see some pretty violent action. So if they exist they must be beyond our event horizon (too far away for their light to have reached us).

If there were regions of the universe that are antimatter what would they be like? They’d be exactly like it is here. There’s nothing special about antimatter. The term is arbitrary. In the antimatter universe they would call our matter “antimatter.” Atoms made from antimatter work just fine in antimatter chemistry and physics. That’s basically the definition of CP Symmetry - swap out every particle with its anti-particle twin and the laws of physics remain unchanged.

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Im not satisfied with this explanation. Lets investigate black hole gamma ray emissions for more clues to the positron / antimatter life cycle.

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It would stand to my reason tho* if matter pulls towards, antimatter pushes away?

It is the opposite, in the name right… the “anti” to what matter does.

~QS

*i admit, I am no physicist, but that seems “common sense” by it’s name alone.

It would certainly explain cosmic expansion and the lack of galaxies, stars and planets comprised of antimatter.

It would also mean that the electron negative charge denotes gravitation while the inverse positron positive charge denotes repulsion.

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Yes! But I am 16 years slow. :sweat_smile:

P.S. Your link. :face_with_hand_over_mouth:

it’s finally broke. :face_with_open_eyes_and_hand_over_mouth: :anxious_face_with_sweat:
“Seriously” Thank you for the topic starter, PaulaJedi… You rock! Yo ~QS

Here is exactly why that statement breaks down under the established laws of physics:

1. Gravity is Driven by Mass, Not Charge

Gravitation is a consequence of mass and energy curving spacetime. Electric charge has no bearing on whether a particle experiences or exerts gravitational attraction. Both the electron and the positron possess the exact same positive invariant mass (approximately 9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg). Because they both have positive mass, they both exert a standard, attractive gravitational pull.

2. Antimatter Does Not Produce “Anti-Gravity”

The positron is the antimatter counterpart to the electron. A frequent misconception in speculative physics is that antimatter might have “negative mass” and therefore repel regular matter gravitationally. This is demonstrably false. Antimatter has positive mass. Recent experiments at CERN (such as the ALPHA-g experiment dropping antihydrogen) have observationally confirmed that antimatter falls “down” in Earth’s gravitational field exactly like regular matter. There is no gravitational repulsion.

3. Charge Dictates Electromagnetism Only

The negative and positive signs on electric charges dictate how particles interact with electromagnetic fields, not gravitational fields.

  • Two electrons will repel each other electromagnetically.

  • Two positrons will also repel each other electromagnetically.

  • An electron and a positron will attract each other electromagnetically.

None of this behavior translates to gravity. If the claim were true—that a negative charge is gravitational and a positive charge is repulsively anti-gravitational—it would mean that two positive charges would repel gravitationally, while two electrons would attract gravitationally. This violates both quantum electrodynamics and General Relativity.

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Where are the stars comprised of antihydrogen?

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To our current knowledge, there are no stars made of antihydrogen in our observable universe. According to standard cosmological models, the Big Bang should have produced equal amounts of matter and antimatter, which would have completely annihilated each other. Instead, a tiny, unexplained imbalance favored regular matter, leaving behind the universe we see today and creating what physicists call the baryon asymmetry problem.

If an antistar did exist, it would look identical to a normal star through an optical telescope, meaning astronomers must search for the collision boundary where its antimatter solar wind hits regular interstellar gas. This annihilation would produce a specific, continuous signal of high-energy gamma rays. In 2021, researchers analyzed a decade of data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to hunt for this exact signature. Out of nearly 5,800 sources, they found only 14 candidates that matched the profile, though it is highly probable these are just known anomalies like pulsars.

Based on this search, astrophysicists calculated that if antistars exist in our local galactic neighborhood, there is a maximum of roughly one for every 300,000 regular stars. For any antistar to survive and remain undetected, it would have to be isolated in regions devoid of normal matter, such as the vast intergalactic voids or ancient clusters in the galactic halo. Ultimately, no antistars have been confirmed, meaning they are either nonexistent or hiding in the emptiest reaches of space.

Reverse Time Dilation:

Richard Feynman proposed that antimatter, such as positrons, can be modeled mathematically as regular matter moving backward in time, represented by the temporal vector change t → -t. Reversing this temporal direction inverts both charge and parity, but the mass remains fundamentally positive. In the framework of General Relativity, gravity couples to a system’s total energy and momentum, dictated by the mass-energy equivalence E = mc². Because this energy value remains positive regardless of its temporal direction, antimatter curves spacetime and responds to gravity precisely like regular matter.

This theoretical deduction regarding antimatter and gravity was physically demonstrated in 2023 by the ALPHA collaboration at CERN. Physicists isolated antihydrogen atoms within a magnetic vacuum cylinder and then deactivated the containment field to observe their gravitational trajectory. The antimatter did not exhibit negative mass or fall upward; rather, it accelerated downward toward the center of the Earth at roughly 9.8 m/s². This confirmed that antimatter is fully subject to standard gravitational attraction.

If a hypothetical time machine utilized a localized reverse time dilation field, its macroscopic mechanics would perfectly align with these established physical laws. The structural components of the displacement field would retain positive mass and maintain their standard gravitational coupling, rather than transforming into gravitationally repulsive exotic matter. Consequently, the machine would conserve its momentum and remain firmly anchored within the gravitational well of the Earth, resting heavily on the laboratory floor as it moved backward through time instead of flying off into the vacuum of space.

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“Inversion”

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Excuse me if this sounds elementary, but shouldn’t our antihydrogen star rotate around the galaxy counter clockwise due to inversed entropy?

Antimatter Does Not Have Inversed Entropy

The idea that antimatter moves “backward in time” comes from the Feynman-Stueckelberg interpretation. This is a mathematical tool used in quantum mechanics to calculate particle interactions (specifically utilizing CPT symmetry: Charge, Parity, Time). Inverting the time vector makes the quantum math work perfectly.

However, that quantum time-reversal does not apply to macroscopic thermodynamics. The Second Law of Thermodynamics—which dictates that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases—applies equally to matter and antimatter. If an antistar existed, it would fuse antihydrogen into antihelium, emit photons, generate heat, and eventually burn out. Its entropy would continually increase as it burned through its fuel, moving “forward” in thermodynamic time exactly like our Sun.

Gravity Dictates Orbit, Not Charge

The orbital direction of stars in a galaxy is not driven by particle charge or entropy; it is governed entirely by gravity and the conservation of angular momentum.

Galaxies rotate because the massive primordial clouds of gas that formed them possessed a slight, natural spin. As those giant clouds collapsed under their own gravity, they spun faster (like an ice skater pulling their arms in) and flattened into a disk. Everything that coalesces within that spinning disk is swept along in the same gravitational current.

As we know from the CERN antihydrogen experiments, antimatter has positive mass and interacts with gravity in the exact same way as regular matter. Therefore, if an antistar somehow formed inside a galaxy, it would be gravitationally bound by the same mechanics. It would simply inherit the angular momentum of the local galactic environment, orbiting in the exact same direction as all of its neighboring stars.

No. Anti-matter does not manifest as anti-gravity. Matter and anti-matter gravitation properties are exactly alike - no anti-gravity.

Not even if we use a duplicate ray, then why can Bizarro fly… he isn’t even a real kryptonian! :face_with_monocle:

I will tell you why, he is the anti~superman… & he can defy gravity! :nerd_face:

Make that, make sense… then! :face_with_raised_eyebrow:

“Sticks out tongue!” :raised_hand::squinting_face_with_tongue::raised_back_of_hand: plbbt!

:blush: ~QS

QS,

I’m just going to stop responding to nonsense or pending nonsense. If you have an honest question and want an honest reply, OK. Otherwise don’t say I didn’t let you know what was coming several times before.

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I am sorry. Darby… I get the hint. :face_exhaling: ~QS

I found information on the antihydrogen ion?
They are similar but not the same.
One has one positron, the ion has two positrons???
Maybe looking into this will help some.

it will disclose nothing when clicked. It just locks it & hides info, at first it is like a half a second glimpse, then it removes any info.

Maybe this one will help instead for info?

https://journals.aps.org/pra/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevA.109.052816

oh… nevermind. thought i might be on to something… guess not? lol

aagh! Why do they offer links to stRuff & it says nothing!

What are the hiding from us! :face_with_monocle:

the read is above my paygrade, the one down below.

https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1250&context=phy_fac

in video they mention they still want to drop the temperature, “it is now 0.5 kelvin” further below absolute zero… like less than 10,000 micro kelvins below zero? I liked when the video reaches 40 minutes most. lol

:face_with_raised_eyebrow:~QS

Note claiming anything, just thought i would be serious… & add to the conversation again!

Note 2: We can see backwards in time when we look to the stars. :thinking:

No. If it has two positrons then it has two anti-protons in the nucleus and is anti-helium, not anti-hydrogen. The element is determined by the number of electrically charged particles in the nucleus (protons or anti-protons). The number of electrons/positrons normally balances the nuclear electric charge.

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