LS1-07 Metallographic and excess energy density studies of different
LGENTM cathodes
subject to a PAGD regime in vacuum
Supplementing the material detailed in Labofex's Scientific Reports
S1-02, S1-06, and the PCT/CA93/00311 Application regarding the design
of PAGD generators (LGENTM reactors), this Scientific Report
addresses the PAGD current densities at the electrodes, in the
cathode PAGD plasma ball and at the emission foci. Determination of
the latter two parameters required both videographic and
metallographic analyses, performed utilizing diverse types of cathode
metals. PAGD cathode affinity was found to correlate with the
electronegativity and work-function of the metal employed, PAGD
affinity increasing with decreasing work-function. Anode surface
distortions were equally examined. Utilizing this data together with
determinations of the pulse input energy and the energy associated
with the anomalous cathode reaction forces (proportional to 103 to
104 i2) observed in the LGENTM reactors during operation in the PAGD
regime, we ascertained the fuel (cathode metal) consumption per PAGD,
as well as the energy density of the fuel employed and expected
cathode lifetimes.
On the basis of the results herein presented, the PAGD regime can be
regarded to be an autogenous pulsatory plasma discharge regime
characterized by the presence of quasi-periodic, self-generating and
self-extinguishing autoelectronic cold cathode emissions that segment
an abnormal plasma glow, and do so at low values of the breakdown
field and at variance with the Fowler-Nordheim field-emission theory
(that governs the VAD regime) with respect to the observed PAGD (low)
emission current densities. Lastly, the PAGD regime deploys large
anomalous reaction forces comparable to the reaction forces that have
been described for water-plasma arcs, and 100x greater than those
observed in VADs.
LS1-25 Aether power from pulsed plasmas
The Correas, for the first time, introduce the reader to their model
of the electron. They proceed to an examination of the normal glow
dicharge and indentify, in Paschen's law, an unsuspected contribution
from the "vacuum state" which indicates a local manifestation of
emissions of ambipolar massfree radiation. Lastly, they apply their
approach, in summary form, to the manifestation of anomalous cathode
reaction forces in autoelectronically pulsed plasma discharges.
This is a provocative, experimentally-based report, due to be
followed by an explicit detailing of the physical processes involved -
processes which, to this day, remain unknown to conventional plasma
physics.
Produced by Aethera
Recorded by ABRI Productions
Engineered by ABRI Studios
Design by Akronos Publishing
Camera by Dr. Rui Silva
& Dr. Malgosia Askanas
Music by Izan Ader
Art work by Alexandra Correa
http://www.aethera.org
http://www.aetherometry.com/abs-Lab.html#abstractLS1-25
http://www.aetherometry.com/cat-Lab.html
http://www.aetherometry.com/glossary.html
Plasma Science and Technology
This website representing all aspects of Plasma science and technology has been prepared as a service for the general public as well as for the educational and research communities. Our purpose is to communicate the facination of plasma science, the range of it's applications, and it's profound implications of the 21rst Century science & technology as well as daily life.
http://www.plasmas.org
UTELE-theory, Worldwide Publication "Theoretical physics can be thought to approach so called pseudoscience. If this means the physical states, energies, powers and the deep research of these different factors, the definition is well justified. Modern physicist, are bothered by the many unknown relations , for example, between gravitation and atom physics. These things have not yet been able to put into the specific terms and form some kind of models to express these relations. "
http://www.utele.net/eng/tie_jul_03tam.php
Review Of Particle Physics
Current discoveries in particle physics research, "Let the journey begin" The PDG is an international collaboration that reviews Particle Physics and related areas of Astrophysics, and compiles/analyzes data on particle properties. PDG products are distributed to 30,000 physicists, teachers, and other interested people. The Review of Particle Physics is the most cited publication in particle physics during the last decade.
http://131.243.48.146
PhysLINK
Created by Anton Skorucak from his massive web bookmarks file in 1995, this site, he claims, allows anyone to find almost any physics information on the web without resorting to search engines. It is, in modern parlance, a physics portal. It is an amateur affair but with a professional, if cluttered, layout and still a one-man show. Skorucak invites contributions for cover stories from readers as well as answers to the 'question of the day'. The site is touted as a meeting place for anyone curious about physics and that means lay people to experts. Included are physics software reviews and a software site of the month feature and the ability to order online or download a demo for a particular program.
http://www.physlink.com
Also noted from Curt Suplee's Book "Physics in the 20th Century" in the Quantum section, page 67 is an illistration of a device used for an experiment including the following description: "Among the exoctic predictions of quantum physics is one made by Einstein and Indian phycisist Satyyendra Bose in the 1920's.
"Because of the wave nature of matter and the fact that objects of lower energy have longer wavelengths, a group of neighboring atoms should behave in a very peculiar way when made extremely "Cold" At the lowest energy levels, their wavelengths should actually overlap each until the entire array behaves, in effect as one agglomerated superatom, or "condensate", as Bose and Einstein called the then hypothetical condition."
The illistration in the book is a photo taken in (1997) depicting an experimental apparatus used to observe a Bose-Einstein condensate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in which atoms were trapped and chilled within a vacum chamber, and then photographed with cameras pointed throught the port at the top.
This unique volume is written for the interested non-scientist. The text is authoritative yet accessible; the illustrations are excellent; and the production is outstanding. Physicists too, will enjoy and be surprised by every page." ‹D. Allan Bromley, Sterling Professor of the Sciences and Dean of Engineering, Yale University "
The next time a stranger at a party asks me what the point of physics is, I¹ll tell them to read Curt Suplee¹s excellent Physics in the 20th Century. . . . A superb layout, bite-sized chunks of text and a stunning array of pictures makes this scientific epic an effortless read." ‹The New Scientist
Now in paperback, this widely acclaimed book‹named one of Publishers Weekly¹s Best Books of 1999‹documents the ways in which physicists have revolutionized modern life over the past 100 years. Curt Suplee explains the astonishing experiments and achievements of such innovators as Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and Richard Feynmann, and offers extraordinary illustrations that focus mainly on the remarkable images‹from the atomic to the cosmic scale‹made possible by the instruments of advanced physics. Also included are photographs of experimental equipment‹massive particle colliders are beautiful in their own right‹and pioneering inventions. This stunning volume is sponsored by the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics.
225 illustrations, 125 in full color,
224 pages, 9 1/4 x 11"
ISBN 0Â8109Â9084Â9 EAN 978081099084Â5
paperback
US$19.95 CAN$32.00
Curt Suplee is a science writer and editor at The Washington Post. He lives in Washington, D. C.
http://www.abramsbooks.com/books/PhysicsInThe20thCentury.html
Also is yet another description of imposive wave propagational effects in another book, "The Future of SpaceTime" by Steven Hawking, Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Tim Ferris and Alan Lightman narrated by Richard Price. in 2002 [ISBN] 0-393-02022-3 On page 142 fig.22 A&B A sketch of the supercomputer simulations of imploding waves that triggered Hawking to concede that the laws of physics "permit" naked singularities, at least in principle thus far.
From: "Genesis of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia"
http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/quant1/quantsb.htm
Signature of the Zo particle. The Zo, W+ and W- bosons transmit the
weak force; their existence was predicted by the unified theory of
the weak and the electromagnetic interactions, and their discovery
vindicated the theory. The tracks depicted correspond to particles
detected following the high-energy collision of a proton and
antiproton. The two tracks in white above and below are an electron
and a positron, the decay products of the Zo, which disintegrated
soon after it materialized in the collision. Right: Top quark
candidate at Fermilab 1989. This is the sole piece of the standard
model yet to be fully confirmed.
*Unified Field Theories, Symmetry-Breaking and the Inflationary
Universe
Symmetry and local symmetries are believed to underlie the
fundamental forces. Top left: 60 degree rotational geometric symmetry
of a snowflake, charge symmetry of electromagnetism and isotopic spin
symmetry between a neurton and a proton illustrate symmetries in
nature. Right: The electromagnetic force can be conceived of as an
effect required to make the global symmetry of phase change local. A
global phase shift does not alter the two-slit interference of
electron waves (which usually have one light band in the centre), but
a phase filter which locally shifts the phase through one slit has
precisely the same effect as applying a magnetic field between the
slits. The local phase shift causes the centre peak to become split
in both cases. Gravitation can likewise be conceived as a symmetry of
the Lorenz transformations of relativity, usually referred to as
Poincare invariance.
*The Four Fundamental Forces and Symmetry-breaking
Four distinct force fields have been discovered in nature. Two are
familiar, gravity on the one hand and electromagnetism, comprising
many effects including electricity, magnetism, light and the
electromagnetic spectrum, and the indirect effects seen in chemical
reactions. The other two are distinct forces which occur in the
nucleus of the atom.
The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. These are bound
together tightly by the strong nuclear force. This force is
responsible for the great energy of nuclear fusion and fission. It is
a secondary product of a more inaccessible force which comes in
threes, called the colour force which binds the constituent quarks of
protons and neutrons.
(a) Unificationof the strong and weak nuclear forces with
electromagnetism is suggested by the convergence of the strength of
the three non-gravitational forces at high energy (b) The four forces
of nature appear to differentiate from a common super-force. (c)
Broken electro-weak symmetry has a lower energy than the symmetrical
state. This explains how nature has become asymmetric with positive
and neutral charges in the nucleus and negative electrons outside.
The universe is like a ferromagnetic material which is magnetised in
its lowest energy state. The energy released by cosmic symmetry-
breaking may represent the hot shower of particles in the big bang.
Just as a magnet can be polarised in many directions in space, so
symmetry break may be. This could result in anomalies such as cosmic
strings, domain walls or magnetic monopoles. Below: The four
particles of the unified electro-weak force. The photon, the two
charged W particles and the Z0. While the photon is massless the
others all inherit a lage mass from symmetry-breaking causing the
weak force to be very short-range. The four particles of the unified
electro-weak force. (d) The stable nuclei and radioactive decay of
the neutron. The balance between neutrons and protons is mediated by
the weak force. Too many protons and the electromagnetic repulsion
becomes unstable. Too many of either kind and the nuclear energy
levels likewise become unstable. Notably the weak force is chiral.
The emitted electron is left-spinning.
A second, quite different force, the weak nuclear force, is
responsible for radioactive decay. If a nucleus has too many
neutrons, one neutron can decay into a proton, an electron and an
antineutrino [above figure] This reaction and its reverse act to keep
the balance of protons and neutrons, which is roughly 50-50 to keep
each nuclear particle in the lowest possible energy states under the
strong force, but becomes biased toward neutrons in heavier elements,
because of instability caused by the accumulated repulsive positive
charges of the protons. Significantly, the reaction does not preserve
mirror symmetry, as it gives rise only to left-handed electrons, the
anti-neutrino involved in beta decay also has a spefic handedness.
(a) Unificationof the strong and weak nuclear forces with
electromagnetism is suggested by the convergence of the strength of
the three non-gravitational forces at high energy (b) The four forces
of nature appear to differentiate from a common super-force. (c)
Broken electro-weak symmetry has a lower energy than the symmetrical
state. This explains how nature has become asymmetric with positive
and neutral charges in the nucleus and negative electrons outside.
The universe is like a ferromagnetic material which is magnetised in
its lowest energy state. The energy released by cosmic symmetry-
breaking may represent the hot shower of particles in the big bang.
Just as a magnet can be polarised in many directions in space, so
symmetry break may be. This could result in anomalies such as cosmic
strings, domain walls or magnetic monopoles. Below: The four
particles of the unified electro-weak force. The photon, the two
charged W particles and the Z0. While the photon is massless the
others all inherit a lage mass from symmetry-breaking causing the
weak force to be very short-range. The four particles of the unified
electro-weak force. (d) The stable nuclei and radioactive decay of
the neutron. The balance between neutrons and protons is mediated by
the weak force. Too many protons and the electromagnetic repulsion
becomes unstable. Too many of either kind and the nuclear energy
levels likewise become unstable. Notably the weak force is chiral.
The emitted electron is left-spinning.
A second, quite different force, the weak nuclear force, is
responsible for radioactive decay. If a nucleus has too many
neutrons, one neutron can decay into a proton, an electron and an
antineutrino [above figure] This reaction and its reverse act to keep
the balance of protons and neutrons, which is roughly 50-50 to keep
each nuclear particle in the lowest possible energy states under the
strong force, but becomes biased toward neutrons in heavier elements,
because of instability caused by the accumulated repulsive positive
charges of the protons. Significantly, the reaction does not preserve
mirror symmetry, as it gives rise only to left-handed electrons, the
anti-neutrino involved in beta decay also has a spefic handedness.
(More available)At:
"Genesis of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia"
http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/quant1/quantsb.htm
LGENTM cathodes
subject to a PAGD regime in vacuum
Supplementing the material detailed in Labofex's Scientific Reports
S1-02, S1-06, and the PCT/CA93/00311 Application regarding the design
of PAGD generators (LGENTM reactors), this Scientific Report
addresses the PAGD current densities at the electrodes, in the
cathode PAGD plasma ball and at the emission foci. Determination of
the latter two parameters required both videographic and
metallographic analyses, performed utilizing diverse types of cathode
metals. PAGD cathode affinity was found to correlate with the
electronegativity and work-function of the metal employed, PAGD
affinity increasing with decreasing work-function. Anode surface
distortions were equally examined. Utilizing this data together with
determinations of the pulse input energy and the energy associated
with the anomalous cathode reaction forces (proportional to 103 to
104 i2) observed in the LGENTM reactors during operation in the PAGD
regime, we ascertained the fuel (cathode metal) consumption per PAGD,
as well as the energy density of the fuel employed and expected
cathode lifetimes.
On the basis of the results herein presented, the PAGD regime can be
regarded to be an autogenous pulsatory plasma discharge regime
characterized by the presence of quasi-periodic, self-generating and
self-extinguishing autoelectronic cold cathode emissions that segment
an abnormal plasma glow, and do so at low values of the breakdown
field and at variance with the Fowler-Nordheim field-emission theory
(that governs the VAD regime) with respect to the observed PAGD (low)
emission current densities. Lastly, the PAGD regime deploys large
anomalous reaction forces comparable to the reaction forces that have
been described for water-plasma arcs, and 100x greater than those
observed in VADs.
LS1-25 Aether power from pulsed plasmas
The Correas, for the first time, introduce the reader to their model
of the electron. They proceed to an examination of the normal glow
dicharge and indentify, in Paschen's law, an unsuspected contribution
from the "vacuum state" which indicates a local manifestation of
emissions of ambipolar massfree radiation. Lastly, they apply their
approach, in summary form, to the manifestation of anomalous cathode
reaction forces in autoelectronically pulsed plasma discharges.
This is a provocative, experimentally-based report, due to be
followed by an explicit detailing of the physical processes involved -
processes which, to this day, remain unknown to conventional plasma
physics.
Produced by Aethera
Recorded by ABRI Productions
Engineered by ABRI Studios
Design by Akronos Publishing
Camera by Dr. Rui Silva
& Dr. Malgosia Askanas
Music by Izan Ader
Art work by Alexandra Correa
http://www.aethera.org
http://www.aetherometry.com/abs-Lab.html#abstractLS1-25
http://www.aetherometry.com/cat-Lab.html
http://www.aetherometry.com/glossary.html
Plasma Science and Technology
This website representing all aspects of Plasma science and technology has been prepared as a service for the general public as well as for the educational and research communities. Our purpose is to communicate the facination of plasma science, the range of it's applications, and it's profound implications of the 21rst Century science & technology as well as daily life.
http://www.plasmas.org
UTELE-theory, Worldwide Publication "Theoretical physics can be thought to approach so called pseudoscience. If this means the physical states, energies, powers and the deep research of these different factors, the definition is well justified. Modern physicist, are bothered by the many unknown relations , for example, between gravitation and atom physics. These things have not yet been able to put into the specific terms and form some kind of models to express these relations. "
http://www.utele.net/eng/tie_jul_03tam.php
Review Of Particle Physics
Current discoveries in particle physics research, "Let the journey begin" The PDG is an international collaboration that reviews Particle Physics and related areas of Astrophysics, and compiles/analyzes data on particle properties. PDG products are distributed to 30,000 physicists, teachers, and other interested people. The Review of Particle Physics is the most cited publication in particle physics during the last decade.
http://131.243.48.146
PhysLINK
Created by Anton Skorucak from his massive web bookmarks file in 1995, this site, he claims, allows anyone to find almost any physics information on the web without resorting to search engines. It is, in modern parlance, a physics portal. It is an amateur affair but with a professional, if cluttered, layout and still a one-man show. Skorucak invites contributions for cover stories from readers as well as answers to the 'question of the day'. The site is touted as a meeting place for anyone curious about physics and that means lay people to experts. Included are physics software reviews and a software site of the month feature and the ability to order online or download a demo for a particular program.
http://www.physlink.com
Also noted from Curt Suplee's Book "Physics in the 20th Century" in the Quantum section, page 67 is an illistration of a device used for an experiment including the following description: "Among the exoctic predictions of quantum physics is one made by Einstein and Indian phycisist Satyyendra Bose in the 1920's.
"Because of the wave nature of matter and the fact that objects of lower energy have longer wavelengths, a group of neighboring atoms should behave in a very peculiar way when made extremely "Cold" At the lowest energy levels, their wavelengths should actually overlap each until the entire array behaves, in effect as one agglomerated superatom, or "condensate", as Bose and Einstein called the then hypothetical condition."
The illistration in the book is a photo taken in (1997) depicting an experimental apparatus used to observe a Bose-Einstein condensate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in which atoms were trapped and chilled within a vacum chamber, and then photographed with cameras pointed throught the port at the top.
This unique volume is written for the interested non-scientist. The text is authoritative yet accessible; the illustrations are excellent; and the production is outstanding. Physicists too, will enjoy and be surprised by every page." ‹D. Allan Bromley, Sterling Professor of the Sciences and Dean of Engineering, Yale University "
The next time a stranger at a party asks me what the point of physics is, I¹ll tell them to read Curt Suplee¹s excellent Physics in the 20th Century. . . . A superb layout, bite-sized chunks of text and a stunning array of pictures makes this scientific epic an effortless read." ‹The New Scientist
Now in paperback, this widely acclaimed book‹named one of Publishers Weekly¹s Best Books of 1999‹documents the ways in which physicists have revolutionized modern life over the past 100 years. Curt Suplee explains the astonishing experiments and achievements of such innovators as Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, and Richard Feynmann, and offers extraordinary illustrations that focus mainly on the remarkable images‹from the atomic to the cosmic scale‹made possible by the instruments of advanced physics. Also included are photographs of experimental equipment‹massive particle colliders are beautiful in their own right‹and pioneering inventions. This stunning volume is sponsored by the American Physical Society and the American Institute of Physics.
225 illustrations, 125 in full color,
224 pages, 9 1/4 x 11"
ISBN 0Â8109Â9084Â9 EAN 978081099084Â5
paperback
US$19.95 CAN$32.00
Curt Suplee is a science writer and editor at The Washington Post. He lives in Washington, D. C.
http://www.abramsbooks.com/books/PhysicsInThe20thCentury.html
Also is yet another description of imposive wave propagational effects in another book, "The Future of SpaceTime" by Steven Hawking, Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Tim Ferris and Alan Lightman narrated by Richard Price. in 2002 [ISBN] 0-393-02022-3 On page 142 fig.22 A&B A sketch of the supercomputer simulations of imploding waves that triggered Hawking to concede that the laws of physics "permit" naked singularities, at least in principle thus far.
From: "Genesis of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia"
http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/quant1/quantsb.htm
Signature of the Zo particle. The Zo, W+ and W- bosons transmit the
weak force; their existence was predicted by the unified theory of
the weak and the electromagnetic interactions, and their discovery
vindicated the theory. The tracks depicted correspond to particles
detected following the high-energy collision of a proton and
antiproton. The two tracks in white above and below are an electron
and a positron, the decay products of the Zo, which disintegrated
soon after it materialized in the collision. Right: Top quark
candidate at Fermilab 1989. This is the sole piece of the standard
model yet to be fully confirmed.
*Unified Field Theories, Symmetry-Breaking and the Inflationary
Universe
Symmetry and local symmetries are believed to underlie the
fundamental forces. Top left: 60 degree rotational geometric symmetry
of a snowflake, charge symmetry of electromagnetism and isotopic spin
symmetry between a neurton and a proton illustrate symmetries in
nature. Right: The electromagnetic force can be conceived of as an
effect required to make the global symmetry of phase change local. A
global phase shift does not alter the two-slit interference of
electron waves (which usually have one light band in the centre), but
a phase filter which locally shifts the phase through one slit has
precisely the same effect as applying a magnetic field between the
slits. The local phase shift causes the centre peak to become split
in both cases. Gravitation can likewise be conceived as a symmetry of
the Lorenz transformations of relativity, usually referred to as
Poincare invariance.
*The Four Fundamental Forces and Symmetry-breaking
Four distinct force fields have been discovered in nature. Two are
familiar, gravity on the one hand and electromagnetism, comprising
many effects including electricity, magnetism, light and the
electromagnetic spectrum, and the indirect effects seen in chemical
reactions. The other two are distinct forces which occur in the
nucleus of the atom.
The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. These are bound
together tightly by the strong nuclear force. This force is
responsible for the great energy of nuclear fusion and fission. It is
a secondary product of a more inaccessible force which comes in
threes, called the colour force which binds the constituent quarks of
protons and neutrons.
(a) Unificationof the strong and weak nuclear forces with
electromagnetism is suggested by the convergence of the strength of
the three non-gravitational forces at high energy (b) The four forces
of nature appear to differentiate from a common super-force. (c)
Broken electro-weak symmetry has a lower energy than the symmetrical
state. This explains how nature has become asymmetric with positive
and neutral charges in the nucleus and negative electrons outside.
The universe is like a ferromagnetic material which is magnetised in
its lowest energy state. The energy released by cosmic symmetry-
breaking may represent the hot shower of particles in the big bang.
Just as a magnet can be polarised in many directions in space, so
symmetry break may be. This could result in anomalies such as cosmic
strings, domain walls or magnetic monopoles. Below: The four
particles of the unified electro-weak force. The photon, the two
charged W particles and the Z0. While the photon is massless the
others all inherit a lage mass from symmetry-breaking causing the
weak force to be very short-range. The four particles of the unified
electro-weak force. (d) The stable nuclei and radioactive decay of
the neutron. The balance between neutrons and protons is mediated by
the weak force. Too many protons and the electromagnetic repulsion
becomes unstable. Too many of either kind and the nuclear energy
levels likewise become unstable. Notably the weak force is chiral.
The emitted electron is left-spinning.
A second, quite different force, the weak nuclear force, is
responsible for radioactive decay. If a nucleus has too many
neutrons, one neutron can decay into a proton, an electron and an
antineutrino [above figure] This reaction and its reverse act to keep
the balance of protons and neutrons, which is roughly 50-50 to keep
each nuclear particle in the lowest possible energy states under the
strong force, but becomes biased toward neutrons in heavier elements,
because of instability caused by the accumulated repulsive positive
charges of the protons. Significantly, the reaction does not preserve
mirror symmetry, as it gives rise only to left-handed electrons, the
anti-neutrino involved in beta decay also has a spefic handedness.
(a) Unificationof the strong and weak nuclear forces with
electromagnetism is suggested by the convergence of the strength of
the three non-gravitational forces at high energy (b) The four forces
of nature appear to differentiate from a common super-force. (c)
Broken electro-weak symmetry has a lower energy than the symmetrical
state. This explains how nature has become asymmetric with positive
and neutral charges in the nucleus and negative electrons outside.
The universe is like a ferromagnetic material which is magnetised in
its lowest energy state. The energy released by cosmic symmetry-
breaking may represent the hot shower of particles in the big bang.
Just as a magnet can be polarised in many directions in space, so
symmetry break may be. This could result in anomalies such as cosmic
strings, domain walls or magnetic monopoles. Below: The four
particles of the unified electro-weak force. The photon, the two
charged W particles and the Z0. While the photon is massless the
others all inherit a lage mass from symmetry-breaking causing the
weak force to be very short-range. The four particles of the unified
electro-weak force. (d) The stable nuclei and radioactive decay of
the neutron. The balance between neutrons and protons is mediated by
the weak force. Too many protons and the electromagnetic repulsion
becomes unstable. Too many of either kind and the nuclear energy
levels likewise become unstable. Notably the weak force is chiral.
The emitted electron is left-spinning.
A second, quite different force, the weak nuclear force, is
responsible for radioactive decay. If a nucleus has too many
neutrons, one neutron can decay into a proton, an electron and an
antineutrino [above figure] This reaction and its reverse act to keep
the balance of protons and neutrons, which is roughly 50-50 to keep
each nuclear particle in the lowest possible energy states under the
strong force, but becomes biased toward neutrons in heavier elements,
because of instability caused by the accumulated repulsive positive
charges of the protons. Significantly, the reaction does not preserve
mirror symmetry, as it gives rise only to left-handed electrons, the
anti-neutrino involved in beta decay also has a spefic handedness.
(More available)At:
"Genesis of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia"
http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/quant1/quantsb.htm
